The Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer and Liquid Fertilizer Applications on the Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Makurdi, Nigeria
1.0 INTRODUCTION Soil nutrient depletion is a global environmental issue that poses significant threats to food security and soil health [21]. It refers to the decline in soil organic matter and essential nutrient levels [28, 21], which can result in decreased crop productivity and the degradation of arable land. To guarantee sustained agricultural output and protect the environment, it is crucial to maintain and enhance soil quality [17]. Maize production in Africa’s sub-Saharan region has been significantly constrained by a variety of factors, with climate change and declining soil fertility being the most notable challenges. Among these, poor soil fertility stands out as the most persistent and pressing issue that has plagued the region for decades. This persistent degradation of soil health has played a central role in exacerbating food insecurity, as reflected in the steadily decreasing food production per capita, especially among smallholder farmers [24, 4, 19, 21, 7]. The causes of low soil fertility in SSA are multifaceted, involving both human-induced and natural processes. Human activities such as overgrazing, widespread deforestation, and uncontrolled removal of vegetation have contributed to soil degradation. Additionally, natural processes such as wind and water erosion play a significant role, stripping away vital nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Leaching, particularly of nitrogen and potassium, due to heavy rainfall or poor soil structure, also contributes to nutrient losses in tropical regions, including SSA [33]. Furthermore, unsustainable agricultural practices especially the frequent use of continuous cropping systems without proper soil management have led to progressive nutrient depletion. The situation is worsened by the limited or incorrect use of fertilizers, which fails to replenish the lost nutrients effectively. These practices collectively diminish soil productivity and threaten the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the region [6]. Fertilizers, whether organic or inorganic, are substances applied to soil to provide essential nutrients that support plant growth and enhance soil health [5]. Their use has become a vital agricultural practice, significantly boosting crop productivity and encouraging the adoption of other sustainable farming methods. Consequently, fertilizer application is now a central component of many agricultural development programs across the globe [7]. According to [22], improving soil fertility is fundamental for increasing agricultural output. Enhanced soil fertility not only contributes to greater food security but also boosts farmers’ incomes. To address nutrient loss in soils, it is essential to apply fertilizers, either organic or inorganic, in proper quantities and using the correct techniques [2, 21, 7]. Researchers have extensively explored the use of various soil amendments as a strategy to combat declining fertility [34, 16, 25]. Inorganic fertilizers are known to improve crop yields, adjust soil pH, raise total nutrient levels, and increase nutrient availability. On the other hand, organic fertilizers such as animal manure enhance soil structure and maintain long-term fertility, especially under continuous cropping systems like maize cultivation [26]. Maize (Zea mays) is a vital staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is considered the most significant cereal in the region, with Nigeria leading as the top maize producer on the continent [14]. Over time, maize has gained prominence, gradually replacing traditional grains like millet and sorghum in many areas [19]. In 2018, Nigeria produced approximately 10.2 million tons of maize from 4.8 million hectares of farmland, positioning it as Africa’s largest maize producer [11]. Advances in agricultural research have contributed to the development of improved technologies, including high-yielding maize varieties with resistance to drought, diseases, low soil nitrogen, and parasitic weeds like Striga [20, 19, 7]. However, despite the availability of these improved varieties, maize yields in Nigeria’s savanna regions remain low. This is largely due to declining soil fertility, a result of increasing pressure on land resources driven by population growth and limited fertilizer application [19]. Soils in these regions are often depleted of essential macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as important micronutrients like copper and zinc. Without adequate fertilization, the soil cannot support sustainable maize production, and yields may drop below 1 ton per hectare [10, 19, 7]. Given the strategic importance of maize, it is crucial to sustain its production at sufficient levels to support food security and self-sufficiency at both household and national scales [30]. To achieve this, efforts must be directed toward enhancing maize productivity by improving the soil’s physical and chemical properties. This improvement can be accomplished through the adoption of effective farming practices, including the application of suitable fertilizers and the implementation of sound agronomic techniques. In light of this, the present study assessed the effectiveness of combining inorganic fertilizers with liquid fertilizer foliar sprays in influencing the growth and yield performance of maize cultivated in Makurdi, located within Nigeria’s Southern Guinea Savannah ecological zone. 2.0 ‘MATERIALS AND METHODS’ 2.1 Experimental Site’ The study was carried out at Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi’s (JOSTUM) Teaching and Research Farm in Nigeria during the late seasons (August to November) of 2023 and 2024. The research location, located at latitude 7.41°N and longitude 8.28°E, is 98 meters above sea level in the Southern Guinea Savannah ‘agro-ecological’ zone of equatorial Nigeria’. 2.2 Experimental Treatments and Design The experiment was conducted on a manually cleared field. A drought-tolerant maize variety, EVGT 2009, sourced from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training in Zaria, was used. Fertilizers applied included NPK 20:10:10, Urea, and AgriBoom liquid fertilizer obtained from the registered agro-dealer in Makurdi. The study employed a randomized complete block design with five treatments: NPK (200kg/ha), NPK (200kg/ha) and AgriLife AgriBoom(1ltr/ha), NPK (200kg/ha) and AgriLife AgriBoom(2ltr/ha), AgriLife AgriBoom(3ltr/ha), and NPK (200kg/ha) and Urea (100kg/ha) as control and each treatment was replicated three times. Maize was planted at three seeds per hill, spaced 75 x 50 cm, and thinned to two plants per hill two weeks after sowing (WAS), targeting 53,333 plants per hectare. NPK was applied two weeks after planting, AgriLife AgriBoomliquid fertilizer foliar application at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after planting weeks after planting. Manual weeding was done at 3 and 6 WAS. All … Read more