Revolutionizing Plant Virus Resistance: The Power of RNA-Based Technologies

  • Asif Islam1
  • M. Sekhar2
  • Ramesha N M3
  • Biswajit Jena4
  • M. Abdul Kapur5

Asif Islam1 , M. Sekhar2 , Ramesha N M3 , Biswajit Jena4 , M. Abdul Kapur5

1School of Agricultural Biotechnology Punjab Agricultural University, Ferozepur Rd, Ludhiana, Punjab 141027, India.

2Department of Agronomy, CASAR, Bharatiya Engineering Science and Technology Innovation University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

3Division of Entomology, India Agriculture Research institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.

4Department of Plant Pathology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha-India.

5PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), (Af iliated to Periyar University, Salem), Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode-637205, Namakkal-District-Tamil Nadu-India.

Corresponding Author Email: asifislam20012@gmail.com

DOI : https://doi.org/10.51470/JPB.2022.1.2.9

Abstract

Plant viruses pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. Traditional methods of controlling plant viruses, such as chemical treatments and crop rotation, have limitations in efficacy and sustainability. In recent years, RNA-based technologies have emerged as powerful tools for engineering virus-resistant crops. This article explores the revolutionary potential of RNA-based technologies in conferring resistance to plant viruses. We discuss the mechanisms underlying RNA-based immunity, including RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-based approaches, and highlight recent advancements in the development of virus-resistant crops. Additionally, we examine the challenges and opportunities associated with the widespread adoption of RNA-based technologies in agriculture, including regulatory considerations, intellectual property rights, and public acceptance. By harnessing the power of RNA-based technologies, we have the potential to revolutionize plant virus resistance and ensure the resilience of global food systems in the face of emerging viral threats.

Keywords

CRISPR, Plant viruses, RNA interference (RNAi), RNA-based technologies, Virus-resistant crops

Download this article as:

Introduction

Plant viruses represent a significant threat to agricultural productivity, causing substantial yield losses and economic damage to crops worldwide. Conventional methods of controlling plant viruses, such as chemical treatments and cultural practices, often fall short in providing long-term and sustainable solutions. However, recent advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have opened new avenues for developing virus-resistant crops. Among these approaches, RNA-based technologies have emerged as promising tools for conferring durable and environmentally friendly resistance to plant viruses. RNA-based technologies leverage the natural defense mechanisms of plants to combat viral infections. By harnessing RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-based gene editing, researchers can selectively target viral genomes and suppress viral replication within host plants. These innovative strategies offer precise and efficient means of engineering virus-resistant crops while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides and reducing environmental impacts.

Mechanisms of RNA-Based Immunity:

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved mechanism present in plants and other organisms, whereby small RNA molecules regulate gene expression by targeting complementary RNA sequences for degradation or translational repression. In plants, RNAi serves as a potent antiviral defense mechanism, allowing the host to silence viral genes and inhibit viral replication. By introducing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting viral genomes, researchers can trigger RNAi-mediated immunity and confer resistance to a wide range of plant viruses.

CRISPR-based approaches offer another promising avenue for engineering virus-resistant crops. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology enables precise editing of the plant genome, allowing researchers to introduce targeted mutations in viral susceptibility genes or disrupt essential viral sequences. By deploying CRISPR-based gene editing tools, scientists can enhance plant immunity to viral pathogens and develop crops with durable resistance to viral infections.

Advancements in RNA-Based Technologies

RNA-based technologies have revolutionized the landscape of molecular biology and biotechnology, offering powerful tools for manipulating gene expression and genome editing. In the realm of agriculture, RNA-based technologies hold immense potential for enhancing crop productivity, sustainability, and resilience to environmental stresses, including plant viruses. This article explores the recent advancements in RNA-based technologies and their applications in agriculture, with a focus on plant virus resistance.

RNA Interference (RNAi):

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved cellular mechanism that regulates gene expression by targeting specific RNA molecules for degradation or translational inhibition. In plants, RNAi serves as a natural defense mechanism against viral infections, enabling the silencing of viral genes and inhibiting viral replication. Recent advancements in RNAi technology have led to the development of novel tools and strategies for engineering virus-resistant crops. One of the key advancements in RNAi technology is the development of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as potent antiviral agents. siRNAs are short double-stranded RNA molecules that can be designed to target viral RNA sequences with high specificity. By introducing siRNAs into plants, researchers can trigger RNAi-mediated degradation of viral RNA, thereby conferring resistance to a wide range of plant viruses. Furthermore, advancements in delivery systems, such as viral vectors and nanoparticles, have facilitated the efficient delivery of siRNAs into plant cells, enhancing their efficacy as antiviral agents.

CRISPR-Based Approaches:

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology has revolutionized genome editing by enabling precise and efficient modifications to DNA sequences. In agriculture, CRISPR-based approaches offer unprecedented opportunities for engineering virus-resistant crops with enhanced precision and specificity. By targeting essential viral genes or host susceptibility factors, CRISPR technology can disrupt viral replication and confer durable resistance to viral infections. Recent advancements in CRISPR technology have expanded its applications in plant virology, allowing researchers to develop customized CRISPR-based tools for targeting diverse plant viruses. For example, researchers have successfully used CRISPR technology to engineer resistance to RNA and DNA viruses in crops such as tomatoes, potatoes, and rice. Moreover, the development of CRISPR-based high-throughput screening platforms has facilitated the identification of host genes involved in viral infection pathways, providing valuable insights into plant-virus interactions and potential targets for genetic engineering.

Integration of RNA-Based Technologies:

Integration of RNA-based technologies offers synergistic advantages for enhancing plant virus resistance. By combining RNAi and CRISPR-based approaches, researchers can develop multi-layered defense systems that target different stages of the viral replication cycle. For instance, RNAi-mediated suppression of viral gene expression can complement CRISPR-mediated disruption of viral genomes, providing enhanced protection against viral infections. Furthermore, the integration of RNA-based technologies with conventional breeding methods offers opportunities for developing virus-resistant crop varieties with improved agronomic traits and market qualities. Despite the remarkable progress in RNA-based technologies, several challenges remain to be addressed for their widespread adoption in agriculture. Regulatory frameworks governing the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) pose hurdles to the commercialization of virus-resistant crops, requiring rigorous safety assessments and public engagement efforts. Moreover, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and biosafety concerns associated with RNA-based technologies need to be addressed to facilitate their translation into practical agricultural applications, continued research and innovation in RNA-based technologies hold promise for addressing key challenges in agriculture, including plant virus resistance, crop improvement, and sustainable food production. Collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and farmers are essential for advancing RNA-based technologies and realizing their full potential in revolutionizing agriculture for the 21st century, advancements in RNA-based technologies have opened new frontiers in plant virology and crop protection, offering innovative solutions for combating viral infections in agriculture. By harnessing the power of RNA interference, CRISPR technology, and integrated approaches, researchers can develop virus-resistant crops with enhanced productivity, resilience, and sustainability, thereby contributing to global food security and agricultural sustainability.

Advancements in Virus-Resistant Crops:

In recent years, RNA-based technologies have been successfully applied to engineer virus-resistant crops with improved yields, quality, and resilience to environmental stresses. For example, RNAi-mediated resistance has been deployed in crops such as papaya, squash, and maize to confer protection against devastating viral diseases. Likewise, CRISPR-based approaches have been used to engineer resistance to RNA and DNA viruses in a variety of crop species, including tomatoes, potatoes, and rice. Furthermore, RNA-based technologies offer the potential to stack multiple resistance traits in crops, providing enhanced protection against complex viral pathogens and reducing the risk of resistance breakdown. By combining RNAi and CRISPR-based strategies, researchers can develop robust and sustainable solutions for managing viral diseases in agriculture, safeguarding crop yields and livelihoods for farmers around the world.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the promise of RNA-based technologies, several challenges remain to be addressed for their widespread adoption in agriculture. Regulatory frameworks governing the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) pose hurdles to the commercialization of virus-resistant crops, requiring rigorous safety assessments and public engagement efforts. Additionally, concerns regarding intellectual property rights, biosafety, and potential off-target effects necessitate careful consideration in the development and deployment of RNA-based technologies. However, with proper regulatory oversight and stakeholder engagement, RNA-based technologies have the potential to revolutionize plant virus resistance and transform agricultural landscapes. By embracing innovative approaches and fostering collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders, we can harness the power of RNA-based technologies to secure global food supplies, promote agricultural sustainability, and mitigate the impacts of plant viruses on crop production.

Conclusion

RNA-based technologies represent a paradigm shift in the quest for sustainable solutions to plant virus infections. By leveraging the innate defense mechanisms of plants, RNAi and CRISPR-based approaches offer precise, effective, and environmentally friendly strategies for engineering virus-resistant crops. As we confront the challenges of global food security and environmental sustainability, the revolutionizing potential of RNA-based technologies holds promise for creating resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding viral threats and ensuring food security for future generations. The power of RNA-based technologies in revolutionizing plant virus resistance cannot be overstated. Over the past few decades, RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-based approaches have emerged as powerful tools for engineering virus-resistant crops, offering precise and efficient means of combating viral infections in agriculture. The advancements in RNA-based technologies have paved the way for innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in plant virology and crop protection.

RNA-based technologies, such as RNA interference, leverage the natural defense mechanisms of plants to silence viral genes and inhibit viral replication. By introducing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting viral genomes, researchers can trigger RNAi-mediated immunity and confer resistance to a wide range of plant viruses. Furthermore, CRISPR-based approaches enable precise editing of the plant genome, allowing researchers to introduce targeted mutations in viral susceptibility genes or disrupt essential viral sequences. The integration of RNA-based technologies offers synergistic advantages for enhancing plant virus resistance. By combining RNAi and CRISPR-based approaches, researchers can develop multi-layered defense systems that target different stages of the viral replication cycle. This integrated approach not only provides enhanced protection against viral infections but also minimizes the risk of resistance development in viral populations.

However, the widespread adoption of RNA-based technologies in agriculture faces several challenges, including regulatory hurdles, biosafety concerns, and public acceptance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Addressing these challenges will require collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and farmers to develop robust regulatory frameworks, promote transparency, and engage with stakeholders to build trust and confidence in RNA-based technologies, continued research and innovation in RNA-based technologies hold promise for addressing key challenges in agriculture, including plant virus resistance, crop improvement, and sustainable food production. By embracing innovative approaches and fostering collaboration across disciplines, we can harness the power of RNA-based technologies to create resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding viral threats and ensuring food security for future generations. RNA-based technologies represent a paradigm shift in the quest for sustainable solutions to plant virus infections. By leveraging the innate defense mechanisms of plants, RNAi and CRISPR-based approaches offer precise, effective, and environmentally friendly strategies for engineering virus-resistant crops. As we confront the challenges of global food security and environmental sustainability, the revolutionizing potential of RNA-based technologies holds promise for creating resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding viral threats and ensuring food security for future generations.

References

  1. Taliansky, M.; Samarskaya, V.; Zavriev, S.K.; Fesenko, I.; Kalinina, N.O.; Love, A.J. RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance. Plants 2021, 10, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010082
  2. Singh, K.; Dardick, C.; Kumar Kundu, J. RNAi-Mediated Resistance Against Viruses in Perennial Fruit Plants. Plants 2019, 8, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8100359
  3. Zaidi, S. S. E. A., Tashkandi, M., Mansoor, S., & Mahfouz, M. M. (2016). Engineering plant immunity: using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate virus resistance. Frontiers in plant science, 7, 1673.
  4. Langner, T., Kamoun, S., & Belhaj, K. (2018). CRISPR crops: plant genome editing toward disease resistance. Annual review of phytopathology, 56, 479-512.
  5. Martinelli, F., Scalenghe, R., Davino, S., Panno, S., Scuderi, G., Ruisi, P. & Dandekar, A. M. (2015). Advanced methods of plant disease detection. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 1-25.
  6. Grimm, D., & Kay, M. A. (2007). Combinatorial RNAi: a winning strategy for the race against evolving targets?. Molecular Therapy, 15(5), 878-888.
  7. Boonham, N., Kreuze, J., Winter, S., van der Vlugt, R., Bergervoet, J., Tomlinson, J., & Mumford, R. (2014). Methods in virus diagnostics: from ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus research, 186, 20-31.
  8. Mahas, A., Aman, R., & Mahfouz, M. (2019). CRISPR-Cas13d mediates robust RNA virus interference in plants. Genome biology, 20, 1-16.
  9. Khan, Z., Khan, S. H., Mubarik, M. S., Sadia, B., & Ahmad, A. (2017). Use of TALEs and TALEN technology for genetic improvement of plants. Plant molecular biology reporter, 35, 1-19.
  10. Hema, M., & Konakalla, N. C. (2021). Recent developments in detection and diagnosis of plant viruses. Recent developments in applied microbiology and biochemistry, 163-180.
  11. Rinoldi, C., Zargarian, S. S., Nakielski, P., Li, X., Liguori, A., Petronella, F., & Pierini, F. (2021). Nanotechnology‐Assisted RNA Delivery: From Nucleic Acid Therapeutics to COVID‐19 Vaccines. Small Methods, 5(9), 2100402.
  12. Weiland, J. J., Sharma Poudel, R., Flobinus, A., Cook, D. E., Secor, G. A., & Bolton, M. D. (2020). RNAseq analysis of rhizomania-infected sugar beet provides the first genome sequence of beet necrotic yellow vein virus from the USA and identifies a novel alphanecrovirus and putative satellite viruses. Viruses, 12(6), 626.
  13. Nadeem, M. A., Nawaz, M. A., Shahid, M. Q., Doğan, Y., Comertpay, G., Yıldız, M.,& Baloch, F. S. (2018). DNA molecular markers in plant breeding: current status and recent advancements in genomic selection and genome editing. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 32(2), 261-285.
  14. Aronstein, K., Oppert, B., & Lorenzen, M. D. (2011). RNAi in agriculturally-important arthropods. RNA processing, 157-180.
  15. Pacher, M., & Puchta, H. (2017). From classical mutagenesis to nuclease‐based breeding–directing natural DNA repair for a natural end‐product. The Plant Journal, 90(4), 819-833.
  16. Jolany Vangah, S., Katalani, C., Boone, H. A., Hajizade, A., Sijercic, A., & Ahmadian, G. (2020). CRISPR-based diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Biological procedures online, 22, 1-14.
  17. Qaisar, U., Yousaf, S., Rehman, T., Zainab, A., & Tayyeb, A. (2017). Transcriptome analysis and genetic engineering. In Applications of RNA-Seq and omics strategies-from microorganisms to human health. London: IntechOpen.
  18. Jain, S., Thind, T. S., Sekhon, P. S., & Singh, A. (2015). Novel detection techniques for plant pathogens and their application in disease management. Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases, 243-251.
  19. Robertson, D. (2004). VIGS vectors for gene silencing: many targets, many tools. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55, 495-519.
  20. Leung, R. K., & Whittaker, P. A. (2005). RNA interference: from gene silencing to gene-specific therapeutics. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 107(2), 222-239.
  21. Dyawanapelly, S., Ghodke, S. B., Vishwanathan, R., Dandekar, P., & Jain, R. (2014). RNA interference-based therapeutics: molecular platforms for infectious diseases. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 10(9), 1998-2037.
  22. Freije, C. A., Myhrvold, C., Boehm, C. K., Lin, A. E., Welch, N. L., Carter, A., & Sabeti, P. C. (2019). Programmable inhibition and detection of RNA viruses using Cas13. Molecular cell, 76(5), 826-837.
  23. Huang, K., Doyle, F., Wurz, Z. E., Tenenbaum, S. A., Hammond, R. K., Caplan, J. L., & Meyers, B. C. (2017). FASTmiR: an RNA-based sensor for in vitro quantification and live-cell localization of small RNAs. Nucleic acids research, 45(14), e130-e130.
Post Views: 332