Iron deficiency and iron toxicity are two contrasting soil conditions that significantly impact plant growth and development. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to these conditions is crucial for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. This review discusses the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms employed by plants to tolerate iron-deficient and iron-toxic soil conditions. Key factors such as root morphological adaptations, iron uptake and transport systems, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and signaling pathways are explored in detail. Furthermore, the implications of elucidating these mechanisms for crop breeding and management strategies are discussed, emphasizing the importance of developing cultivars with enhanced tolerance to both iron-deficient and iron-toxic soils. Overall, this review provides insights into the complex interplay between plants and soil iron availability, highlighting avenues for future research and application in agricultural systems.