Plant tissue culture has emerged as a pivotal technique in modern agriculture, horticulture, and biotechnology, facilitating the propagation of elite plant varieties, conservation of endangered species, and production of valuable secondary metabolites. This comprehensive overview explores the recent advancements and persistent challenges in the field of plant tissue culture. Beginning with a historical perspective, we trace the evolution of tissue culture techniques and their transformative impact on plant science and highlight key advancements such as the development of novel culture media formulations, improvement in regeneration protocols, and integration of molecular tools for genetic manipulation. Despite these advances, challenges such as contamination, genetic instability, and cost constraints continue to impede the widespread adoption of tissue culture technologies. Moreover, regulatory and ethical considerations underscore the need for responsible practices in tissue culture research and application discuss promising avenues for future research, and emphasize the role of tissue culture in addressing pressing global issues, including food security and environmental sustainability. By elucidating both the opportunities and obstacles in plant tissue culture, this overview aims to inform researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders about the advancement of agricultural biotechnology and crop improvement strategies.